Footnote
Footnote
1 J.M. Cowan, The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, (Spoken Language Services Inc., New York, 3rd. ed., 1976), p.1055.
2 The word Tawheed does not actually occur in either the Qur'aan or in the statements (Hadeeths) of the Prophet (~). However, when the Prophet (~) sent Mu'aadh ibn Jabal as governor of Yemen in 9AH, he told him, "You will be going to Christians and Jews (ahl al-Kitaab), so the first thing you should invite them to is the assertion of the oneness of Allaah (Yuwahhidoo Allaah)." (Narrated by Ibn 'Abbaas and collected by al-Bukhaaree (Muhammad Muhsin Khan, Sahih Al-Bukhari, (Arabic-English), (Riyadh: Maktabah ar-Riyaad al-Hadeethah, 1981), vol.9, pp. 348-9, no.469) and Muslim (Abdul Hamid Siddiq, Sahih Muslim (English Trans.), (Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf Publishers, 1987), vol.1, pp.14-5, no.27). In this Hadeeth the present tense of the verb from which the verbal noun Tawheed is derived was used by the Prophet (~).
3 Ibn Abil-'Ezz al-Hanafee, Sharh al-'Aqeedah at-Tahaaweeyah, p.78.
4 Ibn Hajar, Tahdheeb at-Tahdheeb, (Hydrabad, 1325-7)vol. 10, p.225.
5 'Abdul-Qaahir ibn Taahir aI-Baghdaadee, Al-Farq bain al-Firaq, (Beirut: Daar al-Ma'rifah), pp.19-20.
6 Muhammad ibn 'Abdul-Kareem ash-Shahrastaanee, Al-Milal wan-Nihal, (Beirut: Daar al-Ma'rifah, 2nd ed., 1975), vol.1, p.30.
7 Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Ar-Radd 'alaa al-Jahmeeyah, (Riyadh: Daar al-Liwaa, 1st ed., 1977), pp.41-43.
8 Muhammad ibn 'Abdul-Kareem ash-Sharastaanee, Al-Milal wan-Nihal, vol.1, p.46.
9 Soorah az-Zumar 39:62.
10 Soorah as-Saafaat 37:96.
11 Soorah al-Anfaal 8:17. This was in reference to a miraculous incident which took place when the Prophet (~) gathered some dust in his hand and threw it at the enemy (at the beginning of the Battle of Badr). Allaah caused the dust to reach the faces of the enemy in spite of their great distance.
12 Soorah at-Taghaabun 64:11.
13 Reported by Ibn 'Abbaas and collected by at-Tirmidhee. See Ezzeddin Ibrahim and Denys Johnson - Davies, An-Nawawi's Forty Hadith, (English Trans.), (Damascus, Syria: The Holy Koran Publishing House, 1976), p.68, no.19.
14 Soorah at-Taghanbun 64:14.
15 Soorah al-Baqarah 2:155.
16 Soorah al-Baqarah, 2:216.
17 A charm worn to bring good fortune or avert evil.
18 Collected by Ahmad.
19 Reported by 'Aaeshah and collected by al-Bukhaaree (Sahih Al-Bukhari, (Arabic - English) vol.3, p.535, no.861), Muslim (Sahih Muslim, (English Trans.) vol.3, i,. 931, no.4266 and no.4267) and Abu Daawood (Ahmad Hasan, Sunan Abu Dawud (English Trans.), (Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf Publishers, 1st. ed., 1984), vol.3, p. 1294).
20 Reported by 'Aa'eshah and collected by al-Bukhaaree (Sahih Al-Bukhari, (Arabic-English), vol.6, p.495, no.535) and Muslim (Sahih Muslim, (English Trans.), vol.3, p.1195, no.5439 and 5440).
21 Soorah al-Fat-h 48:6.
22 Soorah ash-Shooraa 42:11.
23 Genesis 2:2, "And on the seventh day God finished his work which he had done, and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had done." (Holy Bible, Revised Standard Version (Nelson, 1951), p.2).
24 In contrast Allaah says explicitly in the Qur'aan, "No tiredness overcomes Him nor sleep..." (Soorah al-Baqarah 2:255).
25 Exodus 32:14, "And the Lord repented of the evil which he thought to do to his people." (Holy Bible, Revised Standard Version),
26 Allaah clearly states that in the following verse: "They ask you (Muhammad) about the spirit. Tell (them) that the spirit (exists) by my Lord's command" (Soorah al-Israa 17:85).
27 Soorah ash-Shooraa 42-11.
28 Hebrews 7:1-3, (Holy Bible, Revised Standard Version).
29 Hebrews, 5:5-6, (Holy Bible, Revised Standard Version).
30 Muhammad Rida al-Muzaffar states in his book Faith of Shi'a Islam, (U.S.A.: Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, 2nd ed. 1983): "We believe that, like the prophet, an Imam must be Infallible, that is to say incapable of making errors or doing wrong, either Inwardly or outwardly, from his birth to his death, either intentionally or unintentionally, because the Imams are the preservers of Islam and it is under their protection." (p.32). See also Islam, (Teheran: A Group of Muslim Brothers, 1973), p.35, by Sayed Saeed Akhtar Rizvi.
31 AI-Muzaffar further states: "We maintain that the powers of the Imams to receive inspiration has reached the highest degree of excellence, and we say that it is a Divinely - given power. By this means the Imam is able to understand information about anything, anywhere, and at any time, and he understands by means of this Divinely - given power at once, without recourse to methodological reasoning or guidance from a teacher.
32 Al-Khomeini states: "Certainly the Imam has a dignified station, a lofty rank, a creational caliphate, and sovereignty and mastery over all atoms of creation." (Aayatullah Musavi al-Khomeini, al-Hukoomah al-Islaameeyah, (Beirut: at-Talee'ah Press; Arabic ed., 1979), p.52).
33 Soorah at-Tawbah 9:128.
34 (Sunan Abu Dawud, (English Trans.), vol.3, pp. 1385-86, no.4957).
35 Soorah Yoonus 10:31.
36 Soorah az-Zukhruf, 43:87.
37 Soorah al-'Ankaboot, 29:63.
38 Soorah Yoosuf, 12:106.
39 Mujaahid ibn Jubayr al-Makkee (642-722) was Ibn 'Abbaas' most outstanding student. The narrations of his Tafseer (commentary) of the Qur'aan has been compiled by 'Abdur-Rahmaan at-Taahir and published in two volumes under the title, Tafseer Mujaahid, (Islamabad: Majma' al-Buhooth).
40 Collected by Ibn Jareer at-Tabaree.
41 Soorah Aal'Imraan, 3:67.
42 Quoted in Sulaymaan ibn 'Abdul-Wahhaab's Tayseer al-'Azeez al-Hameed, (Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islaamee, 2nd., 1970), p.34.
43 Soorah adh-Dhaariyiat, 51:56.
44 Soorah an-Nahl, 16:36.
45 Reported by Ibn 'Abbaas and collected by at-Tirmidhee. See An-Nawawi's Forty Hadith, (English Trans.), p.68.
46 Soorah al-Baqarah, 2:186.
47 Soorah Qaaf, 50:16.
48 Sunan Abu Dawud, vol.1, p.387, no.1474.
49 Soorah al-Anbiyaa, 21:66.
50 Soorah al-A'raaf, 7:194.
51 Abdul-Qaadir (1077-1166) was a principal of a school of Hanbalite Law and a Ribaat (monastery) in Baghdad. His Sermons (collected in al-Fat-h ar-Rabbaane, Cairo 1302) were strictly orthodox with some, mystic interpretations of the Qur'aan. Ibn 'Arabee (born 1165) declared him the Qutb of his time and stated that he had a rank which placed him above all beings except God. 'Alee ibn Yousuf ash-Shattanawfee (d. 1314 CE) wrote a book called Bahjat al-Asraar (Cairo, 1304) in which he attributed many miracles to 'Abdul-Qaadir. The Qaadireeyah Sufi order is named after him and its spiritual exercises and regulations traced back to him. (Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam, pp.5-7 and 202-205).
52 Soorah al-An'aam, 6:17.
53 Soorah az-Zumar, 39:3.
54 Faatimah was the Prophet Muhammad's youngest daughter who married the Prophet's cousin 'Alee ibn Abee Taalib, and Hasan and Husayn were their sons.
55 Soorah al-Baqarah, 2:165.
56 Soorah at-Tawbah 9:13.
57 Soorah al-Maa'idah, 5:23.
58 Soorah al-Maa'idah, 5:44.
59 Soorah at-Tawbah, 9:31.
60 Christian clergy made Haraam the marrying of more than one wife and the marrying of first cousins. Roman Catholicism forbade priests from marrying and forbade divorce in general.
61 The Christian Church made Halaal the consumption of pork, blood and alcohol. Some of them also made allowable painting and statues depicting God as a man.
62 Collected by at-Tirmidhee.
63 Soorah an-Nisaa, 4:48.
64 The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, p.468.
65 W.L. Reese, Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, (New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1980), pp.66-67 and 586-7. See also John Hinnells, Dictionary of Religions (England: Penguin Books, 1984) pp.67-8.
66 Dictionary of Religions, p.337.
67 Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, p.231.
68 Dictionary of Religions, pp.361-2.
69 Dictionary of Religions, p.358.
70 Ibid., p. 363.
71 Literally, "men of the unseen world". The world is supposed to endure due to the intercessions of a hierarchy of "averting" Saints whose number are fixed, the place of one who dies being immediately filled. (Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam, p.582).
72 Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam, pp.55.
73 Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, p.72.
74 Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, pp. 262-3.
75 Soorah ash-Shooraa, 26:29.
76 Soorah an-Naazi'aat, 79:24.
77 Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, p.327.
78 Ibid., p.391.
79 Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, pp.508-9.
80 Soorah az-Zumar, 39:62.
81 Soorah ar-Rahmaan, 55:26.
82 Quoted in Francis Hitching's, The Neck of the Giraffe, (New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1982), p.254 from Tax and Callender, 1960, vol.111, p.45.
83 Soorah an-Nahl, 16:36.
84 Soorah Aal'Imraan, 3:31.
85 Reported by Anas and collected by al-Bukhaaree (Sahih Bukhari (English- Arabic), vol.1, p.20, no.13) and Muslim (Sahih Muslim (English Trans.), vol.1, p.31, no.71).
86 Soorah an-Nisaa, 4:80.
87 Soorah Aal'Imraan, 3:32.
88 Reported by al-Bukhaaree (Sahih Bukhari, (English-Arabic), vol.8, p.296, no.443).
89 Soorah al-Furqaan, 25:43.
90 Soorah adh-Dhaariyaat, 51:56.
91 William Halsey (ed.), Colliers Encyclopedia, (U.S.A: Crowell-Collier Educational Foundation; 1970, vol.16, p.110.
92 Soorah al-An'aam, 6:40.
93 Reported by Ahmad. at-Tabaraanee and al-Bayhaqee in az-Zuhd. See Tayseer al-'Azeez al-Hameed, p.118.
94 Collected by Ibn Khuzaymah.
95 Reported by Ibn Abee Haatim and quoted in Tayseer al-'Azeez al-Hameed, p. 587
96 Collected by Ahmad and at-Tabaraanee.
97 Soorah an-Nisaa 4:34.
98 Soorah al-Baqarah 2:228.
99 Soorah an-Nahl 16:81.
100 Soorah al-Baqarah 2:47.
101 Soorah al-Baqarah 2:253.
102 Soorah an-Nisaa 4:32.
103 Collected by both al-Bukhaaree and Muslim. See Sahih Al-Bukhari (Arabic - English). vol. 8, p.328. no.497. and Sahih Muslim (English Trans.). vol.4. p. 1530. no.7070.
104 Collected by al-Bukhaaree and Muslim. See Sahih Al-Bukhari (Arabic - English) vol. 3, p.438. no.730 and Sahih Muslim (English Trans.) vol.3, p. 1017. no. 4496.
105 Soorah Aal'Imraan 3:110.
106 Soorah al-Hujuraat 49:13.
107 Reported by Abu Hurayrah and collected by al-Bukhaaree (Sahih Al-Bukhari; (Arabic-English), vol.7, pp.18-9, no.27) and Muslim (Sahih Muslim, (English Trans.), vol.2, p.749, no.3457).
108 Reported by Abu Hurayrah and collected by at-Tirmidhee.
109 Reported by 'Abdullaah ibn 'Amr and collected by Ahmed.
110 Soorah al-Baqarah 2:204.
111 Among them are ten well known, Abu Bakr, 'Umar, 'Uthmaan, 'Alee, Talhah, az-Zubayr, Sa'd ibn Abee Waqqaas, Sa'eed ibn Zayd, 'Abdur-Rahmaan ibn 'Awf, Abu 'Ubaydah ibn al-Jaarraah (see al-'Aqeedah at-Tahaaweeyah, pp.485-7).
112 Reported by Jaabir and collected by Muslim (Sahih Muslim (English Trans.), vol.3, p.1034, no.4576).
113 Soorah al-Fat-h 48:18.
114 Collected by Muslim. See Sahih Muslim (English Trans.) vol.1, p.65, no.209.
115 Reported by 'Umar ibn al-Khattaab and collected by al-Bukhaaree and Muslim (See Sahih Al-Bukhari, (Arabic-English), vol.4, p.435, no.654).
116 Soorah al-Baqarah 2:257, 3:68, 42:9 and 45:19.
117 Soorah an-Nisaa 4:119, 7:27, 30, and 4:75.
118 Soorah al-Israa 17:33.
119 Soorah Aal'Imraan 3:28, 4:139, 144 and 5:51.
120 Soorah al-Anfaal 8:34.
121 Soorah Younus 10:62-63.
122 Al-'Aqeedah at-Tahaaweeyah, p.358.
123 Soorah al-Baqarah 2:257.
124 Encyclopedia of Islaam, p.629. See also 'Alee ibn 'Uthmaan al-Hujweeree, Kashf al-Mahjoob, trans. by Nicholson (London: Luzac, rep. 1976), p.214.
125 Soorah al-Hajj 22:6 and 62, 24:25 and 31:30.
126 Sanskrit term meaning "blown out" referring to the extinction of all worldly desires, or salvation. Though the term originated in Vedantic (Bhagavad-Gita and the Vedas) it is most often associated with Buddhism. In Hinayana Buddhism the term is equated with extinction while in Mahayana Buddhism it is a state of bliss (W. L. Resse, Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, (New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1980), p.393).
127 Ibid, p.72.
128 From the Greek "Mystes" meaning "one initiated into the mysteries." The term is derived from the Greek mystery religions whose initiates bore the name "mystes" (Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, p.374).
129 Colliers Encyclopedia, vol.17, p.114.
130 Dictionary of Religions, p.68.
131 Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, pp.365-6 and 374.
132 "The authors of treatises on Muslim mysticism have often compared the "annihilation" of Sufism with Buddhist Nirvana; but according to others this comparison is entirely inadequate as the Buddhist idea of annihilation is independent of the idea of God and includes the idea of transmigration of souls, to which Nirvana puts an end. In Muslim mysticism on the other hand, there is no question of the passing of soul upon death into another body and the notion of a personal and all-present God is throughout predominant. The origin of the Muslim conception of Fanaa has rather to be sought in Christianity from which it seems to be borrowed. This conception simply means the annihilation of the individual human will before the will of God, an idea which forms the center of all Christian mysticism." (Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam, p.98).
133 Dhikr, which normally means the remembrance of God, in mystic circles, is used to refer to the continuous repetition of God's names and attributes.
134 Collected by Muslim (Sahih Muslim (English Trans.), vol.1, pp.111-112 - nos. 337,339 and p.113, no.341.
135 Soorah al-'A'raaf 7:143.
136 Walking around an object of religious devotion.
137 Reported by Abu Hurayrah and collected by al-Bukhaaree (Sahih Al-Bukhari (Arabic - English). vol.8, pp.336-7. no. 509.
138 Soorah Aal'Imraan 3:31.
139 Collected by Abu Daawood (Sunan Abu Dawud, (English Trans.) vol.3, p. 1294, no.4590 and at-Tirmidhee.
140 Soorah al-Furqaan 25:63.
141 Soorah an-Nisaa 4:140.
142 Soorah as-Sajdah 32:9, and 38:72.
143 Soorah al-Hijr 15:29 and Soorah Saad 38:72.
144 Soorah al-Anbiyaa 21:91 and Soorah at-Tahreem 66:12.
145 Soorah Taahaa 20:22.
146 Tayseer al-'Azeez al-Hameed, pp.84-5.
147 Soorah al-Baqarah 2:105.
148 Soorah al-A'raaf 7:73.
149 Soorah al-Baqarah 2:125.
150 Soorah al-Fajr 89:30.
151 Soorah al-Israa 17:85.
152 Soorah Aal'Imraan 3:47.
153 Soorah Aal'Imraan 3:59.
154 See the Chapter on Seeing Allaah, p.136 of this work for further detail on this point.
155 Collected by al-Bukhaaree (Sahih Al-Bukhari, (Arabic - English), vol.4, pp. 290-1 no.430) and Muslim. (Sahih Muslim, (English Trans.) vol.4, p.1391, no.6390).
156 Soorah as-Saaffaat 37:96.
157 Soorah al-Anfaal 8:17.
158 Soorah Maryam 19:17.
159 Soorah Taahaa 20:14.
160 Soorah al-Maa'oon 107: 5-7.
161 al-'Aqeedah at-Tahaaweeyah p. 394.
162 Soorah az-Zumar 39:42.
163 Collected by Muslim (Sahih Muslim (English Trans.), vol.2, p. 437 no.2005).
164 Soorah al-Fajr 89:27-30.