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[Abu Sarah]

Harf Inna Lit-Ta'kîd

In order to put emphasis to an english sentence we may say "Verily the book is beautiful" or "Lo! The book is beautiful", meaning that it's beautiful, and that fact is really true.
In arabic we use

"Particle Inna for emphasis" which is also referred to as

.

"The book is beautiful"

"Verily this book is beautiful"
Specifications for

​

1. Inna is always placed preceding the mubtada'.​
2. Mubtada' is now called

   

   "ism inna".​
3. Khabar is now called

   

   "khabar inna".​
4. The last letter of ism inna becomes maftooh.​
5. The last letter of khabar inna becomes madmoom.​

​

 

[Abu Sarah]

All asmâ' have three different cases

Each and every ism have three different cases. The three cases are as following:​

1. 

   Marfoo` - Nominative case​
2. 

   Mansoob - Ackusative case​
3. 

   Majroor - Genitive case​

We have both fundamental and exceptional rules for the cases of asmâ'. The fundamental rules for these cases are:​

• The final letter of an ism in the nominative case

  

  becomes madmoom.​
• The final letter of an ism in the ackusative case

  

  becomes maftooh.​
• The final letter of an ism in the genitive case

  

  becomes maksoor.​

We have already learnt 5 types of asmâ' that always has a set case. They are:​

• Mubtada' which is always marfoo`.​
• Khabar which is always marfoo`.​
• Ism inna which is always mansoob.​
• Khabar inna which is always marfoo`.​
• Ism majroor which is always majroor.​

Whenever we describe the cases of different elements in the arabic language, we will describe for every harf:

"There is no syntactical function"This pointing to the fact that it does not carry a case.

​

 

[Abu Sarah]

Indeclinable asmâ'

"Indeclinable" is in arabic called

, and its counterpart "declinable" is called

. ​

If an ism is indeclinable then it doesn't show any case, eg. that the fundamental rules (that are described in the previous lesson) are not applicable to this ism.
There are seven types of asmâ' that are always indeclinable, of which we have learned three:​

1. Asmâ' al-ishârah ​
2. Asmâ' al-istifhâm ​
3. All forms of damâ'ir.​

In other words,

which is a part of

always carries

on its last letter, even if it becomes marfoo` and should have dammah etc.
Then we say about

that the last letter is sâkin, and that it is "mabnee upon sukoon". Following are examples of the harakât that are relevant:

"kayf: ism al-istifhâm, mabnee upon al-fath (eg. al-fathah)

"hâdhihi: ism al-ishârah, mabnee upon al-kasr (eg. al-kasrah)

"mabnee upon ad-damm (eg. ad-dammah)

"hâdhâ: ism al-ishârah, mabnee upon as-sukoon​

Whenever an ism becomes mubtada' then it also becomes marfoo`. But if it also is mabnee then we wouldn't say that, rather we would say that it would be marfoo` if it wasn't mabnee.
We thus say: "In the position of raf` (derived from marfoo`, removing the meem and wâw)".​

• 

  "In the position of raf`" eg. that it would be

  

  if it wasn't mabnee. ​
• 

  "In the position of nasb" eg. that it would be

  

  if it wasn't mabnee. ​
• 

  "In the position of jarr" eg. that it would be

  

  if it wasn't mabnee. ​

In other words, we can't spot which case an ism has just by looking at the harakah of the final letter, rather we spot it by looking at its position in the sentence.

In the preceding sentence it's eminent that hâdhâ is mubtada' even though the final letter is sâkin.

​

​

 

[Abu Sarah]

I`râb

Whenever we analyze the grammatical characteristics of words in an arabic sentence, we call it "analyzing the i`râb

of the sentence, or words". The purpose of this lesson is to learn analyzing i`râb.
These are types of asmâ' that are appearing in this lesson:​

• An indefinite ism, eg.

  

  is called

  

  ​
• A definite ism, eg.

  

  is called

  

  ​
• A masculine proper name (a boys name), eg. Muhammad

  

  is called

  

  ​
• A feminine proper name (a girls name), eg. Sârah

  

  is called

  

  ​

Learn to write the i`râb of the following sentences:

​

​

"Muhammad is a muslim"

​

"`Â'ishah is from Iraq"

​

 

[Abu Sarah]

Al-Idâfah

Al-Idâfah means:Association of an ism with another one, in order to affect its definition or to specify its meaning.
Al-Idâfah consists of two words following eachother, the first one is called mudâf and the other one is called mudâf ilayh. Their fields of use include (but is not limited to):​

• In order to show that one thing is owned by another​
• In order to make two words get a relation by being placed side-by-side, affecting their meaning. For example: "Keyboard", or "Doorknob"​

Example of an idâfah:

"The book of Bilâl"

Specifications for

​

1. Mudâf does neither carry tanwîn nor alif lâm at-ta´reef.​
2. Mudâf ilayh is always majroor.​

Examples:

"The soorah of sincerity" (a chapter of the qur'an is called a soorah)

"The women's soorah"
So mudâf ilayh is majroor, but why does mudâf always seem to be marfoo`?Because the fundamental rule for asmâ' is that they are marfoo`. In the following example the word "umm" is mudâf to "bilâl" though majroor - because it's mudâf ilayh to "bayt" at the same time:

"Bilâls mothers house"

We say that mudâf is "ism nakirah" due to its lack of

, but when looking at the actual meaning it should be considered ma`rifah if its mudâf ilayh is ma`rifah.

As a similtude in english, we may say "The book", "Your book", and "A computer's book".
The book is considered definite in the first two sentences, in the first because of "the", and in the second one because it is owned by "your" (which is definite), even though it lacks "the". In the third sentence "book" is indefinite due to "a computer" being indefinite.

"This is a page of a book"

"This is the page of the book"
​

 

[Abu Sarah]

Damâ'ir Al-Jarr

Damâ'ir al-jarr are damâ'ir who always are fee mahall jarr (in the place of jarr), and thus take the place of an ism who is majroor.
And an ism becomes majroor only in two cases:​

1. If it directly follows a harf jarr ie. it becomes ism majroor​
2. If it becomes mudâf ilayh.​

In order to introduce the first dameer jarr:

, which points to the second person in a dialogue. First you'll see some examples when it becomes ism majroor and then you'll see when it becomes mudâf ilayh
Whenever dameer jarr becomes fee mahall jarr - ism majroor

In this case it means "you", as in:

"In" - "In you"

"From" - "From you"

Whenever dameer jarr becomes fee mahall jarr - mudâf ilayh

In this case dameer jarr means whatever mudâf ilayh normally means - repeat the lesson about Idâfah if this is unclear.
Example:

"A book" - "Your book"
Some damâ'ir jarr

"Mine"

"Yours" (masc.)

"Yours" (fem.)

"His"

"Hers"
Specifications for

I categorize the specifications into three categories;​

• Those who are relevant to both (General specifications)​
• Those who are relevant to those damâ'ir al-jarr who are fee mahall jarr ism majroor​
• Those who are relevant to those damâ'ir al-jarr who are fee mahall jarr mudâf ilayh​

General specifications​

• A dameer jarr and its jârr (the thing who makes it majroor, or fee mahall jarr) is not separated by spaces. The examples showing this are found above.​
• If the jârr has tâ' marbutah in the end of it then it becomes normal tâ' (which is called tâ' maftoohah "opened tâ'", unlike tâ' marbutah "tied tâ'"):

  

  
  "A page" - "Your page" - "My page"​
• If dameer jarr yâ' "Mine" is to be used, and the last letter of jârr is also yâ' (regardless of what harakah), then only one yâ' maftooh is written with shaddah:

  

  
  [ safhee ] - [ safhiyya ]
  "A fool" - "My fool"​

Specifications for those damâ'ir al-jarr who are fee mahall jarr ism majroor​

• If the jârr (ie. the harf jarr that you are using) has alif maqsoorah (ie. `alâ or ilâ) then it becomes yâ' sâkin:

  

  
  "On" - "On you"
  

  

  
  "To" - "To you"
  If that dameer jarr also is yâ' "Mine" then only one yâ' maftooh with shaddah is written as described above.​
• If harf jarr

  

  gets dameer jarr yâ' "Mine" then noon in

  

  gets shaddah and kasrah (it becomes mushaddad maksoor):

  

  
  "From" - "From me"​

Specifications for those damâ'ir al-jarr who are fee mahall jarr mudâf ilayh​

• If mudâf has alif maqsoorah in the end then normal alif is written:

  

  
  "Guidance" - "Your guidance"​
• If mudâf has alif and gets dameer jarr yâ' "Mine" then normal alif is written and then yâ' maftooh:

  

  
  [ hudâ ] - [ hudâya ]
  "Guidance" - "My Guidance"​

 

[Abu Sarah]

Harf An-Nidâ' & Al-Munâdâ

In order to summon someone we use

, and the one who is being summoned is then called Al-Munâdâ.

Harf An-Nidâ' exists in english!In the old english there is a way to express yourself in a similar way; "yâ malik as-su`oodiyyah!" "O king of Saudi Arabia!"
This harf is also used for clarifying who is being adressed in a dialogue, then

is used as a separator between the uttered sentence and the one who is being adressed. It is still a sort of summoning, though.

[ masmuka yâ akhee ]
"What is your name, O brother?"

Specifications for

and

​

• If

  

  carries tanween then only one harakah should remain at the end of the word.​
• If

  

  carries alif lâm at-ta`reef

  

  then they shall not be written out.

  

  
  "The All-Forgiving (one of the Names of Allâh)" - "O All-Forgiving!"​
• If munâdâ is mudâf then munâdâ becomes mansoob:

  

  
  "O lord of the house!"
  

  

  
  Now we write that munâdâ is mansoob

  

  "because of it being mudâf":
  

  

  ​

 

[Abu Sarah]

As-Sifah Wal-Mawsoof

An attribute in arabic is called

sifah, pl.

sifât.

Sifât are used to give attributes to other asmâ'. The two following sentences does not contain any sifât:

"The man is kind"

"The man is tall"
The following sentence contains one sifah, "taweel" which is attributed to "ar-rajul":

"The tall man is kind"
Specifications for sifât:​

• The attribute is called sifah.​
• The possessor of the attribute is called mawsoof.​
• The mawsoof should always precede its sifah.​
• A sifah inherits four things from its mawsoof: Definition If mawsoof is definite then its sifah should have alim lâm at-ta`reef in order to also become definite. Sex If mawsoof is feminine then its sifah should have tâ' marbootah in order to also become feminine. Case If mawsoof is marfoo` then its sifah should also be marfoo` etc. Number If mawsoof comes in plural form then its sifah should also come in plural form.​
• A mawsoof is not limited to just one sifah, it could possess an unlimited number of sifât.​

Examples

"The beneficial book is new"

"The beneficial book is in the office"

"The beneficial book is in the large office"

"The small watch (or clock) is in the store."

"The little girl is kind."
Note referring to the last exampleMubtada' and khabar always correspond in sex and number - that is why tâ' marbûtah has been added to "lateef".

"Lateef" is in other words khabar and not a sifah in the above example.​

 

[Abu Sarah]

Awzân (Patterns)

When declining words in arabic then they are declined according to patterns ( ar.

awzân, sing.

wazn ). We are going to learn this by studying the resemblences of three different words:

The above words are using the same wazn:

af`âl. Let us look at the next three words in order to demonstrate another sort of resemblance:

These words are using different awzan; The first one is using

fi`âl, the second one is using

maf`al, and the last one is using

fâ`il.
The resemblance lies in the letters

which the patterns are making use of. These letters are called root letters.
Every ism or fi`l (verb) thus consists of two components: A

pattern and

root letters. Huroof does not make use of patterns nor root letters.

A pattern originally consists of fâ', `ayn and lâm. They are later swapped for the letters in the word that you desire - but the root letters are still referred to as their original letter in the following way:​

1. 

   "The fâ' of the word"​
2. 

   "The `ayn of the word"​
3. 

   "The lâm of the word"​

So

is

in the word

.
And there are words that make use of more than three root letters, but we will get into that later.​

 

[Abu Sarah]

Muthannâ - Dual

An ism does not only come in singluar form, it comes in a whopping three forms:​

• 

  Mufrad - Singular (1)​
• 

  Muthannâ - Dual (2)​
• 

  Jam` - Plural (3 or more)​

An ism muthannâ looks like and functions exactly like an ism mufrad, with the exception that is has different signs for showing case, and that it makes use of noon al-muthannâ.
Different signs for showing case

Rather than the normal (that the last letter of a letter shows what case it has by carrying different a harakah for each case), the last letter of a muthannâ ism always carry fathah, and the following: ​

• If it is marfoo` then alif is added at the end of the word.​
• If it is majroor or mansoob then yâ' sâkin is added at the end of the word.​
• If the word has

  

  tâ' marbootah at the end then it becomes

  

  tâ' maftoohah.​

We will hold on with the examples until we have studied the next part.
Noon al-muthannâ

Noon al-muthannâ is noon maksoor which is being added at the end of the word (after the alif or the yâ' that was previously mentioned).
If the word is mujarrad then noon al-muthannâ is added, and if not then it is not added.
Mujarrad is the opposite of being mudâf. If a word is mudâf then it is not mujarrad and vice versa.
Examples

Examples of asmâ' that are marfoo` mujarrad muthannâ:

"Two books"

"Two pens"

"Two pages"
Examples of sentences with asmâ' that are mansoob mujarrad muthannâ:

"Verily the two pens are beautiful"
Examples of sentences with asmâ' that are majroor mujarrad muthannâ:

"Are there two pages in the two books?"
Examples of sentences with asmâ' that are marfoo` mudâf muthannâ:

"These are basheers two pens"
Examples of sentences with asmâ' that are majroor mudâf muthannâ:

"There are two texts in haytham's two books"
Examples of sentences with asmâ' that are mansoob mudâf muthannâ:

"Verily the two pens of muhammad are beautiful "

"Verily your two pens are beautiful"​

 

[hambaAllah]

with me that is waaaaaaaaaah


:salam2: bro

bro,,, i have no problem with reading n writing especially by myself but when i try to pronounce in front of my ustazah thats when the problem arrive,,especially the thick words ض ص ط ظ and always confused my ع 1 ق ك س ص especially during my quran recitation with tajweed but i still have not given up. Hope my ustazah can tolerate slow old me indeed maybe she gives up on me instead eh.
for the arabic lesson bro,, May Allah swt blessed u for all the effort

 

[Abu Sarah]

Wa Alaykum Assalam

sister in islam..

May Allah make Arabic easy for u..and May Allah reward u 4 ur effort to trying learn arabic and be advanced in Quran lang..

May Allah Reward ur Ustazah (teacher) too..

......

i leave u in care of allah..

<wasalam>

 

[Najmoen]

Lesson 5​

Letters in this lesson: ( letters 18 - 21 of a total of 28 )​

´Ayn

http://javascript<b></b>: Audio('18ayn')Sound made by bringing tension to the mid-part of the throat (same place of the throat as Hâ')[ ´ ]​

Ghayn

http://javascript<b></b>: Audio('19ghayn')Sound made by touching the tounge lightly on the same place that you touch when making the sound for Khâ' (the uppermost part of the throat)[ gh ]​

Fâ`

http://javascript<b></b>: Audio('20fa') F as in Fairy[ f ]
Qâf

http://javascript<b></b>: Audio('21qaf')A "clucking" sound made by the root of the tounge stopping the airflow at the inner-most part of the mouth, which is behind the part where Kâf is uttered[ q ]​

The shapes of these letters:​

​

(´Ayn)​

​

(Ghayn)​

​

(Fâ`)​

​

(Qâf)​

Listen to `Ayn:​

​

[ ´â ] - [ ´ee ] - [ ´oo ]​

http://javascript<b></b>: Audio('lektion5_ayn')​

Listen and repeat! Take note of the tension of the backside of the throat when the sound of `Ayn comes.​

Listen to Ghayn:​

​

[ ghâ ] - [ ghee ] - [ ghoo ]​

http://javascript<b></b>: Audio('lektion5_ghayn')​

Listen to Qâf:​

​

[ qâ ] - [ qee ] - [ qoo ]​

http://javascript<b></b>: Audio('lektion5_qaf')​

Take note that Alif sounds different when preceded by Ghayn or Qâf.​

• This change happens when Alif is preceded by a total of seven letters; Râ', Sâd. Dâd, Tâ', Zâ', Ghayn and Qâf.​

Asalaamu Alaykum

Please rectify the Lesson 5 (Ayn, Ghayn. Qaf) the gharaka is in the wrong place.

Shukran

 

[kems]

thanx 4 lessons

Asalaamualaikum

Thank you for the Lessons, I found the last few very helpful. I found you through searching for sun n moon letters, yours was one of the very few that described them and made sense! May Allah bless you for your work.

Wassalam

 

[Saifadin_Qutuz]

salam. hey is there a sound clip of pronounciations? I am sure they would be helpfull.

 

[lebanon]

salam. hey is there a sound clip of pronounciations? I am sure they would be helpfull.salam yeah it is

 

[Abu Sarah]

Asalaamu Alaykum

Please rectify the Lesson 5 (Ayn, Ghayn. Qaf) the gharaka is in the wrong place.

Shukran

Wa Alaymum Assalam..sorry brother coz i didn't reply before..
But i didn't put letters in wrong place..if you see all lessons put 1st Arabic letters as pictures and then put its spelling in English letters..<wasalam>

 

[islaminside17]

assalam-o-alikum brother its really informative jahzakallah