Where Reason Leads to?
But what is the material upon which we could base this logical reasoning?
There is, first, man himself, and then the system of the Universe. We shall,
therefore, try to study man against the background of the Universe and see whether
all his requirements are fulfilled within this system or whether some of them remain
unsatisfied and need some other kind of system for their satisfaction.
Now man has various aspects. First of all, he has a body, which is composed of
various minerals, salt, gases and water. The Universe is a vast system containing,
from tiny specks of dust to the large planets moving in their orbits. We find ourselves
dazzled with the spectacle of a plethora of things: the earth, stones, metals, salts,
gases, rivers, oceans, and an unending array of things of the kind. These things need
a set of laws to govern their existence and operation, and all these laws are at work
within the Universe. They provide a free opportunity for the various elements and
forces of nature to play their part in the Universe; similarly the human body has a full
and free opportunity to live and work under these laws. Secondly, man is a being who
has grown through nourishment derive from the things around himself. Similarly,
there are various kinds of trees, plants and herbs in the Universe which are governed
by the laws that are essential for growing bodies.
Moreover, man is a living being who moves and acts of his own free will; he procures
food for himself, protects himself and ensures the preservation of the species. Again,
there are various other beings of this kind in the Universe: on land, in water and in
the air, there are myriads of animals whose lives and functions are governed
completely by the laws what are sufficient to cover the whole gamut of their activities.
Above all, there is the moral aspect of man’s being, which is endowed with the
consciousness of good and evil, the faculty to discriminate between the two, and the
power to do good as well as evil. Man’s nature demands that good deeds should have
good results and evil deeds should lead to evil consequences. He can discriminate
justice from tyranny, truth from falsehood, right from wrong mercy from cruelty,
kindness from arrogance, generosity from meanness, trustworthiness from breach of
trust and so on and so forth. These qualities are not abstract ideas but are actually
experienced in human life and have a deep and far- reaching effect on human
culture. Therefore, the nature with which man is endowed strongly demands that his
acts should lead inexorably to their moral consequences; in the same way as they lead
to their physical effects.
But let us look around and reflect a little deeply upon the system of the Universe. Can
the moral consequences of human actions fully unfold themselves in the system? On
the basis of the body of knowledge that we possess we can confidently assert that this
is not possible, because, for all that we know, there is no other creature in the
Universe which is endowed with moral consciousness. The whole system is governed
by the physical laws of the Universe, and the moral laws of the human realm are not
at work anywhere in their full measure. For instance, money carries both value and
weight in human affairs but truth often lacks both. The mango seed always ultimately
yields mangoes; the devotee of truth, on the other hand, sometimes receives
bouquets but sometimes, rather often, brickbats. The material objects in the world
are governed by laws which always lead to certain pre-determined results, but within
the dynamics of the working of these laws the operation of the moral forces in the
human world is not so manifest. The laws of nature often fail to ensure; and even
where we find such consequences they occur only to the extent the law of nature
permit. It is a physical world that we live in. And it often happens that the actual
consequences of an act under the laws of nature are simply contrary to what the law
of ethics demands. Through cultured and civilized life and political organization, man
has no doubt striven to some extent to ensure that the acts of man lead to set and
pre-ordained moral consequences according to a code of ethics. But these efforts
have been on to a code of ethics. But these efforts have been on a very limited scale
and extremely deficient. They have been vitiated, on the one hand, by the operation
of natural laws, and on the other by man’s own weaknesses and shortcomings.
Let us try to understand this with the help of a few examples. If a person sets fire to
the house of an enemy, the house will be gutted; this will be the natural result of the
act. The moral consequence of the act should be the punishment of the criminal
commensurate with the damage that he has caused to the family whose home he has
burnt. But this consequence can come about only if the culprit can be traced and
apprehended by the police, the charge against him is proved, the court can estimate
fully the loss that his offence has caused to the affected family and its future
generations, and then awards to the offender a punishment commensurate with his
crime. If any of these conditions is not duly fulfilled, the moral consequence will
either not manifest itself at all or will unfold itself only partially; nay, it is quite
possible that the culprit may go scot-free and even remain happy and become
prosperous after having ruined his enemy.
Let us take another example. We often find that a few people manage, by hook or by
crook, to acquire a strong hold over a whole community, which begins to follow him.
Taking advantage of this position these leaders bamboozle their people into following
their jingoism and militant imperialism. They lead their people into war with their
neighbours. Several countries are ruined in these wars, millions of men are killed, and
many more are forced to live in misery and degradation. Their misdeeds have farreaching
effects on human history for countless generations, even many long
centuries. Now is it possible for such criminal manages to be punished sufficiently for
their crimes and follies in this life? Indeed, they would not be adequately punished
even if they were all literally thrown to the wolves, or burnt alive, or subjected to any
other torture of which man is capable. No conceivable punishment could possibly be
measured against the grave harm caused by them to millions of men for countless
generations. Under the natural laws that govern the system of the Universe they
could not possibly be awarded punishment, commensurate with their crimes and
follies. Even if a Chenghiz or a Hitler is torn to pieces, this punishment stands with no
comparison to the wrongs they penetrated on humanity.
Or, on the other hand take the example of the great prophets, the sages and the
pious and virtuous men who called mankind to the truth and the right path and guided
them out of darkness into light, and whose ideas and teachings and practical
examples have benefited millions and men for centuries. And they did all this good to
mankind, bracing all the tempests of adversity that came in their way and suffering
miserably at the hands of the vested interests. It is possible to reward such men
adequately in this short span of life within the limits of the physical laws that govern
the world?
As we have urged above, the laws that govern the present system of the Universe do
not allow an opportunity for the full unfolding of the moral consequences of human
actions. Secondly, the actions of men during their short span of life on earth often
have reactions and effects so widespread and lasting that their full consequences must
take thousands of years to unfold and manifest themselves fully; and it is obviously
impossible for any person, under the present laws of nature, to attain such a long
career on earth. From this it logically follows that while the present physical world
and its natural laws are enough for the material and animal constituents of man, they
are utterly inadequate for the moral element of his being. This component calls for
another world where the law of ethics is the governing law and the laws of nature are
subservient, to it; where life is unlimited; where all the moral consequences of human
actions in the material world that could not manifest themselves there, should
manifest themselves fully and in the proper form. It demands a world where truth
and righteousness, and not gold and silver, carry weight; where fire burns only such
things as deserve to be burned according to the moral law; where happiness and the
lot of the virtuous and plain and misery the plight of the wicked. Both nature and
reason demand such an order.
The light of the Qur’an
So far as logical reasoning is concerned, it only indicates that such a world ‘ought to
be’. But as to the question whether such a world does in fact exist, neither rea